Bibliography for Non-Proprietary Systems Paper
Margaret Jane Radin and Erin Sawyer
Stanford Law School, Spring 1997.

Articles

W. Brian Arthur, Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In
by Historical Events, 99 Econ. J. 116 (1989).

Stanley M. Besen & Joseph Farrell, Choosing How to Compete: Strategies
and Tactics in Standardization, 8 J. Econ. Perspectives 117 (1994).

Chien-fu Chou & Oz Shy, Network Effects Without Network Externalities, 8
Int. J. Indus. Org. 259 (1990).

Jeffrey Church & Neil Gandal, Complementary Network Externalities and
Technological Adoption, 11 Intıl. J. Indus. Org. 239 (1993).

Jeffrey Church & Neil Gandal, Network Effects, Software Provision, and
Standardization, 40 J. Indus. Econ. 85 (1992).

Robin Cowan, Tortoises and Hares: Choice Among Technologies of Unknown
Merit, 101 Econ. J. 801 (1991).

Nicholas Economides, Desirability of Compatibility in the Absence of Network
Externalities, 79 Am. Econ. Rev. 1165 (1989).

Nicholas Economides, Competition and Integration Among Complements,
and Network Market Structure, 40 J. Indus. Econ. 105 (1992).

David S. Evans & Bernard J. Reddy, Some Economic Aspects of Standards in
Network Industries and Their Relevance to Antitrust and Intellectual
Property Law, PLI Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, and Literary
Property Course Handbook Series: Intellectual Property
Antitrust (June/July 1996), WL 448 PLI/Pat 177.

Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, Converters, Compatibility, and the Control of
Interfaces, 40 J. Indus. Econ. 9 (1992).

Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, Coordination through Committees and
Markets, 19 Rand J. Econ. 235 (1988).

Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, Installed Base and Compatibility:
Innovation, Product Preannouncements, and Predation, 76 Am. Econ.
Rev. 940 (1986).

Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, Standardization, Compatibility, and
Innovation, 16 Rand J. Econ. 70 (1985).

Joseph Farrell & Carl Shapiro, Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs,
19 Rand J. Econ. 123 (1988).

Joseph Farrell & Carl Shapiro, Optimal Contracts with Lock-In, 79 Am. Econ.
Rev. 51 (1989).

Neil Gandal, A Selective Survey of the Literature on Indirect Network
Externalities: A Discussion of Liebowitz and Margolis, 17 Res. In L.&
Econ. 23 (1995).

Daniel J. Gifford, Microsoft Corporation, the Justice Department, and
Antitrust Theory, 25 Sw. U.L. Rev. 621 (1996).

Tom R. Halfhill, Today the Web, Tomorrow the World, Byte (January 1997).

Michael Katz & Carl Shapiro, Network Externalities, Competition, and
Compatibility, 75 Am. Econ. Rev. 424 (1985).

Michael Katz & Carl Shapiro, Product Introduction with Network
Externalities, 40 J. Indus. Econ. 55 (1992).

Michael Katz & Carl Shapiro, Systems Competition and Network Effects, 8 J.
Econ. Perspectives 93 (1994).

Michael Katz & Carl Shapiro, Technology Adoption in the Presence of
Network Externalities, 94 J. Pol. Econ. 822 (1986).

S.J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis, Are Network Externalities a New
Source of Market Failure?, 17 Res.  In L.& Econ. 1 (1995).

S.J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis, Network Externality: An Uncommon
Tragedy, 8 J. Econ. Perspectives 113 (1994).

S.J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis, Path Dependence, Lock-In, and
History, 11 J.L. Econ. & Org. 205 (1995).

S.J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis, Should Technology Choice Be a
Concern of Antitrust Policy?, 9 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 283 (1996).

Carmen Matutes & Pierre Regibeau, Compatibility and Bundling of
Complementary Goods in a Duopoly, 40 J. Indus. Econ. 37 (1992).

Carmen Matutes & Pierre Regibeau, Mix and Match: Product Compatibility
Without Network Externalities, 19 Rand J. Econ. 221 (1988).

Pierre Regibeau, Defending the Concept of Network Externalities: A
Discussion of Liebowitz and Margolis, 17 Res.  In L.& Econ. 33 (1995).

Mark Roe, Chaos and Evolution in Law and Economics, 109 Harv. L. Rev.
641 (1996).

Brent Schlender, Sunıs Java: The Threat to Microsoft is Real, Fortune (Nov.
11, 1996).

Peter A. Wald & John J. Kirby, Jr., Standards for Interoperability and the
Copyright Protection of Computer Programs, PLI Patents, Copyrights,
Trademarks, and Literary Property Course Handbook Series:
Intellectual Property Antitrust (June/July 1996), WL 449 PLI/Pat
73.

Whitepapers from Sun Microsystems on the Java Revolution.

Books

W. Brian Arthur, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the
Economy (1994).

Douglas G. Baird et al., Game Theory and the Law (1994).

William J. Baumol & J. Gregory Sidak, Toward Competition in Local
Telephony (1994).

The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and
Renewal (David Teece, ed., 1987).

Brad Cox, Superdistribution: Objects as Property on the Electronic
Frontier (1996).

Paul David, Technical Choice, Innovation, and Economic Growth
(1975).

Avinash K. Dixit & Barry J. Nalebuff, Thinking Strategically (1991).

F.A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (1948).

Friedrich A. Hayek: Critical Assessments (John Cunningham Wood, et
al., eds., 1991).

The Future of Software (Derek Leebaert, ed., 1995).

Gerald P. OıDriscoll, Economics as a Coordination Problem (1977).

Problems of Coordination in Economic Activity (James W. Friedman,
ed., 1994).

G.R. Steele, The Economics of Friedrich Hayek (1993).

Cases

ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 908 F.Supp. 640 (W.D.Wisc. 1996).

United States v. Microsoft Corp., 159 F.R.D. 318 (D.D.C. 1995).

Web Sources

GENERAL COPYLEFT INFORMATION

General description of Copyleft at:
http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/copyleft

Essay by Stallman on the merits of free software at:
http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/philosophy/why-free.html

Explanation of categories of software including shareware, GNU software,
proprietary software, copylefted software at:
http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/philosophy/categories.html


SAMPLING OF COPYLEFT USAGE WORLDWIDE:

Joe Boxer, Inc. at:
http://www.joeboxer.com/normal/copyleft.html

The Romanian Academic Data Network at:
http://www.pub.ro/Credits.html

Canadian Constitutional Documents at:
http://insight.mcmaster.ca/org/efc/pages/law/cons/Constitutions/Canada/English/
copyright.html

Cymbiont, Inc. (Canadian corporation) at:
http://www.cymbiont.ca/corporate/source/copyleft_information.html

Wave-Length Paddling Magazine at:
http://interchange.idc.uvic.ca/~wavenet/copyleft.html

GENERAL GNU INFORMATION

Text of the General Public License (GPL) at:  
http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/copyleft/gpl.html

History of GNU at:
http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/gnu/gnu-history.html

GNU Manifesto at:
http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/gnu/manifesto.html

Interview with Stallman on GNU at:
ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/INTERVIEW

PROGRAMS USING GNU TECHNOLOGY AND COPYLEFT PHILOSOPHY

FreeBSD, Inc.  Berkeley organization which has developed a UNIX-like
operating system.  The whole of FreeBSD is distributed in binary and
source form. You have complete control over the system's operation, and
can fix things or tailor the system to your needs.
Quote from the President of FreeBSD:  "We feel people should be able to
do anything with FreeBSD, and we even encourage people to try to make
money with it if they think they can. We want the software used and that
is the #1 goal. No other form of software socialism is advocated or
practiced."

General information at:
http://www.freebsd.org

The FreeBSD Copyright at:
http://www.freebsd.org/license.html

Austrailian translation of the FreeBSD copyright into the concept of
Copycentre to facilitate commerical use.  
(1)  	You can redistribute this software for free, or charge for it. 
(2) 	 If you make any changes to this software, you must not claim to
have written the original 	software, nor can you claim that we wrote
your changes. 
(3)  	You can place any changes you make to this software under any
copyright you like. 
(4)  	You must acknowledge the use of this software in any product
which uses it. 
Brief description at:
http://minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au/Seminars/Questnet/node5.html

INFORMATION ON SUPERDISTRIBUTION

Superdistribution:  The Concept and the Architecture.  THE TRANSACTIONS
OF THE IEICE; VOL.E 73, NO.7 JULY l990.  Elaborates on Mori's
development of the idea and its techincal and economic ramifications at:
http://rembrandt.erols.com/mon/ElectronicProperty/MoriSuperdist.html

WIRED Interview with Cox and comments.  Criticisms of the concept and
administrative feasibility of this type of "meterware" at:
http://www.virtualschool.edu/mon/Cox/CoxWired.html

More information on superdistribution including background on Cox and
his source materials for the book at:
http://www.virtualschool.edu/mon/ElectronicFrontier/index.html

Superdistribution home page with some publication references, but
*watch out* for the Japanese language download problem at:
http://kawahara.k.tsukuba-tech.ac.jp/SdA/Welcome.html

GENERAL INTERNET ECONOMIC THEORIES

An economic model for software market development based on the
Austrian school at:
http://www.virtualschool.edu/mon/ElectronicProperty/SeyboldSoftwareMarkets.html

Conference solicitation for InfoCommerce making use of Cox's ideas about
the development of software markets at:
http://www.ncri.com/pubbroch.html

Publication on the economics of the Internet--the economic function and
marketing function of the WWW at:
http://www.virtualschool.edu/mon/Economics/KlingEconConseqOfWWW.html